Purpose: The purpose of this session is to assemble a group of creative individuals with diverse expertise to address the growing problem of end-stage renal disease by replacing kidney functions, specifically focused on the challenge of removing uremic toxins (e.g., researchers focusing on the problem of uremic toxin removal; clinicians involved with care of patients kidney disease/failure; engineers, chemists, and microbiologists with unique tools and approaches; and people living with kidney disease/failure) and to promote the cross-fertilization of ideas of researchers and engineers from disparate scientific fields with unique perspectives and insights to develop transformative solutions and ideas to replace kidney functions beyond dialysis.